1.Simple present tense.
Materi pertama belajar
grammar tenses bahasa inggris yaitu The Simple Present Tense. TheSimple Present
Tense adalah tenses yang paling banyak
digunakan, dan karena paling banyak maka pembahasannya juga akan lebih panjang.
Arti simple yaitu
sederhana, sedangkan present adalah sekarang. Jadi bisa dikatakan bahwa Simple
Present adalah tenses (pola kalimat) yang digunakan untuk menceritakan waktu
sekarang dalam bentuk sederhana. Nama lain daripada Present adalah BENTUK 1.
Contoh-Contoh Kalimat Simple Present Tense
Jadi kapanpun Anda
melihat kata present dalam tenses apapun, bisa dipastikan bahwa dia menggunakan
bentuk 1 – bentuk apa? ya bentuk verb, karena semua predicate
itu wajib verb bukan. Coba liat contoh-contoh kalimat dengan Simple Present tense dibawah ini
TOBE
I am a teacher
You are a teacher
We are teachers
They are teachers
He is a teacher
She is a teacher
It is my cat
Kalau Anda mengamati,
maka kalimat diatas semuanya mengggunakan PREDICATE-1 atau predikat dalam
bentuk 1, lihat saja tobe nya tidak lepas dari AM – IS – ARE. Contoh diatas
adalah The simple present tense dalam bentuk nominal, karena semua kalimatnya
menggunakan tobe-1
Apakah ada bentuk lainnya?
Ada, yaitu The Simple Present Tense dalam bentuk VERBAL. Yaitu yang tidak
memiliki tobe tapi memiliki verb. Nanti akan di terangkan. Untuk saat ini cukup
kita simpulkan bahwa ada 2 (dua) jenis Simple Present yaitu
1. Nominal Simple Present
2. Verbal Simple Present
Untuk mengubah kalimat
NOMINAL SIMPLE PRESENT kedalam bentuk negative (menyangkal) ataupun
interrogative (bertanya) sangatlah mudah, amati
(+) You are a teacher
(- ) You are NOT a teacher
(? ) Are you a teacher?
Sekarang kita lanjutkan
pada pola kalimat VERBAL SIMPLE PRESENT – yaitu simple present yang tidak
menggunakan tobe, tetapi VERB1 sebagai predicate1 nya.. Amati contoh berikut
Subjective
Pronouns Example
I work
You work
We work
They work
He works
She works
It works
Lihat, untuk awalan HE,
SHE, IT .. verb nya menggunakan _s. Amati kembali contoh berikut
He runs every morning
She teaches English
John drinks coffee every morning
Untuk kata kerja yang
berakhiran bunyi DESIS (hissing sounds – x, ch, s, sh), kita menggunakan akhira
_es. sehingga menjadi : teaches, mixes, washes, kisses .. dsb.
EXAMPLE :
read – John reads in the
morning
sing – John sings in the morning
Study – John studies in the morning
work – John works in the morning
arrive – John arrives in the morning
leave – John leaves in the morning
practice – John practices in the morning
write - John writes in the morning
watch – John watches in the morning
finish – John finishes in the morning
mix - John mixes in the morning
pass - John passes in the morning
go – John goes in the morning
have – John has coffee in the morning
pray - John prays in the morning
Amati kembali contoh kalimat ini :
(study) -> John studies
(pray) ->John prays
Untuk verb study –
sebelum huruf Y adalah huruf konsonan D, itulah sebabnya menjadi STUDIES
Untuk verb pray –
sebelum huruf Y adalah huruf vokal A, itulah sebabnya tetap PRAYS
Perubahan Kalimat Negative dan Interrogative
I
You DON’T (do not) GO
We
They
contoh : I don’t go, You
don’t go, We don’t go, They don’t go. Selanjutnya amati sbb.
He
She DOESN’T (does not) GO
It
Amati, pada kalimat
negative/interrogative yang berawalan He, She, It kata kerja nya (verb) nya
kembali normal TIDAK MENGGUNAKAN +S lagi karena sudah ada DOES.
(+) You write
(-) You DON’T write
(?) DO you write?
(+) He writes
(-) He DOESN’T write
(?) Does he write?
Amati contoh lain
(+) You have a book
(-) You DON’T have a book
(?) DO you have a book?
(+) He has a book
(-) He DOESN’T have a book
(?) DOES he have a book?
EXAMPLE :
Ubahlah kedalam kalimat negative(-)
dan interogative(?)
1. My sister has a car
2. My sisters have a car
4. You and I learn English
5. Joe has breakfast
Answer Key : (jangan diliat dulu kunci
jawaban ini)
1. My sister has a car
My sister doesn’t have a car
Does my sister have a car?
2. My sisters have a car
My sisters don’t have a car
Do my sisters have a car?
3. Joe has breakfast
Joe doesn’t have breakfast
Does Joe have breakfast?
Fungsi atau Penggunaan Tenses The Simple Present Tense
1. Menyatakan Fakta (expressing facts)
2. Menyatakan kebiasaan (expressing
habits)
Adapun keterangan waktu (adverbs of frekuency)
Adverbs of Frequency
always = selalu
usually = biasanya
often = seringkali
sometimes = kadang-kadang
seldom = jarang
never = tidak pernah
ever = pernah
3. Menyatakan yang terjadi
sekarang
4. Menyatakan hal yang dilakukan
berulang-ulang
EXERCISE :
1. When my brother ________
(come back), what I have to do?
2. Sisca ________ (go,
always) to school every morning.
3. My father ________ (read,
usually) a newspaper while drinking coffee in the morning.
4. She _______ (not, speak)
Indonesian because she comes from England.
5. ________ (let, she) you
go?
6. I hate living in your
city, because it _______ (be, cold, always).
7. They _______ (come,
always) late.
8. _______ (have, you) some
money? I need it.
9. I ________ (not, know)
who you are.
10. The Sun ________ (arise)
every morning.
11. He ________ (never,
visit) his child on Saturday.
12. ________ (like, you)
pizza? If you like it, I will buy you the biggest one.
13. The people _______
(hate) this new minister.
14. My parents _______ (jog,
usually) in the morning, while I usually sleep.
15. Danny _______ (not,
have) any idea to share with you.
16. The tour guide _______
(not, want) to help us go around.
17. ________ (be, he)
handsome?
18. ________ (Tara, read,
always) my novel every night?
19. Why _______ (walk, you)
so far? You can stop a taxi.
20. When I meet you,
Madlias _______ (look, always) at me in a long time.
2.Present Continuous Tense.
Dalam Bahasa Inggris, dikenal berbagai bentuk tense.
Tense ini digunakan untuk menyebut perubahan bentuk kata kerja berdasarkan
waktu terjadinya. Dalam pengertian Present Continuous Tense merupakan tense bentuk yang menunjuk
pada tindakan yang sedang berlangsung sekarang atau ketika pembicaraan itu sedang
berlangsung. Jadi tindakan itu sudah dimulai, dan belum berakhir ketika
pembicaraan itu berlangsung. Selain itu, tense ini juga bisa digunakan untuk
bentuk tindakan yang berlangsung hanya untuk jangka waktu yang singkat. Kita
juga bisa menggunakan tense ini untuk membicarakan suatu perubahan atau
perkembangan yang sedang berlangsung dalam rentang waktu yang lama. Selain itu,
tense ini juga bisa dipakai untuk menyebut suatu tindakan yang akan di
dilakukan di masa depan (perencanaan). Umumnya, tense ini juga biasa disebut
Present Progressive Tense.
Contoh Penggunaan Present Continuous Tense
1. Kejadian yang sedang berlangsung sekarang atau kegiatan sementara.
Contoh : Mr. Teguh is writing a new book. (Mr. Teguh sedang menulis buku baru)
2. Rencana di masa depan
yang sudah pasti waktunya (pribadi).
Contoh : I am going to Surabaya at
07.30 tomorrow. (Saya akan pergi ke Surabaya jam 7.30 besok)
3. perubahan atau perkembangan yang sedang berlangsung dalam rentang waktu
yang lama. Contoh : The earth is getting older (Bumi ini semakin tua)
Rumus
Present Continuous Tense
Berikut rumus present continuous tense untuk membuat kalimat-kalimat
A. Positif:
subject + to be (am, is, are) + Verb
– ing + object
Contoh : I am watching TV now
B. Negatif :
subject + to be + not + verb – ing +
object
Contoh : Mr. Khanafi is not going to
Jakarta atau
Mr. Khanafi isn’t going to Jakarta
C. Tanya :
to be + subject + verb – ing + object
Is Mrs. Annisa cooking in the kitchen
?
Dalam pembentukan tense ini,
dibutuhkan :
A.
Bentuk “to be”
1. tunggal
I am (orang pertama)
You are (orang kedua)
He / she / it is (orang ketiga)
2. Jamak,
We are (orang pertama)
You are (orang kedua)
They are (orang ketiga)
B. bentuk kata kerja
“-ing”
Contoh :
go + ing = going
C.Keterangan waktu
Keterangan waktu (adverb of time)
yang sering digunakan dalam Present Continuous tense : now, right now, at the moment, just, still dan tomorrow (digunakan khusus
untuk yang menunjuk suatu perencanaan). Contoh:
a. I am writing a book now.
b. We are eating noodles at the moment.
c. She is still waiting for her son.
EXERCISE :
1.Jack sedang tidur sekarang
2.Mary sedang mengerjakan tugas itu
3.Kami sedang menonton sebuah film di televisi
4.Mereka sedang bermain bola di halaman sekarang
5.Guru itu sedang menerangkan pelajaran itu.
6.Perusahaan itu sedang tumbuh dengan pesat sekarang.
7.Harga saham di bursa Efek Jakarta sedang naik sekarang
8.Pak Adi sedang mengajar bahasa Inggris di kampus sekarang
9.Polisi tersebut sedang mencari Ali sekarang.
10.Ana, Ani, dan Tom sedang berdiskusi sekarang.
Berikut dalam bahasa inggris.
1.We are not______a trip to Thailand during rainy
season.
2. Is she ______ flower-arranging at the flower show now?
3. The students ______ in small groups.
4. Who ______ next to your boss?
5. Vina and I ______ how to cook French food.
6. The ship that transports goods _____ at this port of at 5:30 p.m.
7. I ______at the hotel until the end of this month.
8. Surprisingly, he ______ very patient and helpful to everyone.
9. The sun ______ brightly today.
10. My friend ______for Human Resources jobs in Jakarta.
3. Simple
past tense
Rumus Kalimat Positif: subject + v2 +
object
Rumus Kalimat Negatif : subject + did not + v1 + object
Rumus Kalimat Tanya: did + subject + v1 + object+ ?
Pengecualian: Ketika Predikat suatu kalimat bukan kata kerja, maka pengganti
kata kerja tersebut adalah was (I, she, he, it) dan were (we, you, they).
Fungsi
Simple Past Tense
1.
Membicarakan kegiatan pada masa lampau
(+)
They were student last year
(mereka pelajar tahun lalu)
EXERCISE :
1. I sometimes _____my head under the water when I
swam in the ocean.
2. You _____
regret if you joined the community.
3. He was
sleeping when you _____ him last night.
4. Did the tour
participants_____ the sunrise this morning?
5. The woman had
already left when her friends _____
6. They made
mistakes because they didn’t _____ the guidelines.
7. The
businessman _____ the sales contract two days ago.
8. The people _____
in poverty for two decades.
9. It wasn’t her
who _____ money from your wallet.
10. How did you _____your
last weekend?
11. When I ____ a girl, I _____ five miles to school every day.
12.
Carmelita _____ through the entire class.
13. We _____ really hard to
make this a success, but then Chuck _____ it with his carelessness.
14. Every time I ____ a sandcastle, the waves ____ in and ____ it away.
15. Tarzan ____ into the swamp and ____ toward the alligator.
16.I _____ with
the FBI for two month.
17.We ____mom
lst week.
18.We _____ to
chicago last cristmas.
19. Betty ____ for
ten years.
20. John ____ vegetables and later sold them.
4. Simple Past Continous
Simple past
continous adalah menyatakan kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung pada masa lampau.
Tak hanya digunakan pada kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung pada masa lampau,
lantas juga digunakan untuk menyatakan perbuatan yang sudah dimulai dan masih
berlangsung ketika perbuatan lain menyusul di waktu lampau.
Rumus simple past continous
|
Jenis Kalimat
|
Rumus
|
Contoh Past Continuous Tense
|
|
positif (+)
|
S + be(was/were) + V1-ing/present
participle
|
The team was running
|
|
The workers were queuing
|
|
negatif (-)
|
S + be(was/were) + not + V1-ing/present
participle
|
The team was not running
|
|
The workers weren’t queuing
|
|
interogatif(?)
|
be(was/were) + S + V1-ing/present
participle?
|
Was the team running
|
|
Were the workers queuing
|
EXAMPLE :
-
I was studying English when
you called yesterday
I was not
studying English when you called yesterday
Was I studying
English when you called yesterday ?
-
He was studying all day
yesterday
He was not studying all day yesterday
Was he studying all day yesterday ?
Penggunaan dan Contoh
Kalimat Past Continuous Tense
Beberapa
penggunaan dan contoh kalimat past continuous tense adalah sebagai berikut.
|
Fungsi
|
Contoh
kalimat Past Continuous Tense
|
|
Past continuous tense untuk
mengindikasikan suatu aksi yang terjadi selama momen tertentu di masa lampau.
|
I was shopping at this time
yesterday.
(Saya sedang belanja pada jam ini kemarin.)
|
|
What was she doing at 5 am this morning?
(Apa yang sedang dia lakukan jam 5 pagi ini?)
|
|
They were roasting corn at this
time last night.
(Mereka sedang membakar jagung pada jam ini kemarin malam.)
|
|
I was doing physically
exercises all day yesterday.
(Saya sedang melakukan latihan-latihan fisik sepanjang hari kemarin.)
|
|
Untuk menunjukkan bahwa ada aksi
berdurasi pendek (simple past tense) yang terjadi ketika suatu aksi
berdurasi panjang (past continuous tense) sedang berlangsung.
|
She was sleeping when you called her.
(Dia sedang tidur ketika kamu meneleponnya.)
|
The door was knocked while I was studying.
(Pintu diketuk ketika saya sedang belajar.)
|
|
Past continuous tense digunakan untuk mengolok-olok atau mengkritik aksi yang terjadi pada
interval acak namun sebenarnya merupakan kebiasaan alami.
|
The girl was always yelling out loud.
(Anak itu selalu menjerit keras-keras.)
|
|
My neighbor was always chasing stray cats off with his broom.
(Tetangga saya selalu mengusir kucing-kucing liar dengan sapunya.)
|
EXERCISE 1 :
Fill the blank with the correct form of the verb in past continuous tense.
1.The bridge.... (repair) yesterday so the traffic was delayed.
a.Was repairing
b.Were repairing
c.Was being repaired
d.Was being repaired
2.Change this sentence into negative form!
When the phone rang, I was cooking rice.
a.The rice was being cooked by me when the phone rang.
b.I was not cooking rice when the phone rang.
c.Was I cooking rice when the phone rang?
d.When the phone rang, the rice was being cooked by me.
3.Change this sentence into positive form!
Were you eating your dinner when Sally
visited you?
a.You was eating your dinner when Sally visited you.
b.You were not eating your dinner when Sally visited you.
c.When Sally visited you, you were not eating your dinner.
d.You were eating your dinner when Sally visited you.
4.Change this sentence into interrogative sentence!
My father was drinking while my mother was eating.
a.Was my father drinking while my mother was eating?
b.Was not my father drinking while my mother was eating?
c.Were my father drinking while my mother was eating?
d.Were not my father drinking while my mother was eating?
5.Fill the blank with the correct form of the verb in past continuous
tense.
Grandma ...... (knit) a sock at 11
o'clock last night. a.
a.Was knitting
b.Were knitting
c.Was being knitting
d.Were being knitting
6.Put the verb in brackets into the passive form of the past continuous
tense.
The ship ...... (unload) when we reached the
docks.
a.Was unloaded
b.Were unloaded
c.Was being unloaded
d.Were being unloaded
7.Change this sentence into negative sentence!
My house was being renovated so I stayed in a nearby hotel.
a.My house were not being renovated so I stayed in a nearby hotel
b.My house was not renovated so I stayed in a nearby hotel
c.My house was not being renovated so I stayed in a nearby hotel
d.My house were not renovated so I stayed in a nearby hotel
8.Change this sentece into interrogative sentence!
They arrived while dinner was being
prepared.
a.Was dinner being prepared while they arrived?
b.Was dinner being prepared when they arrived?
c.Were dinner being prepared while they arrived?
d.Were dinner being prepared when they arrived?
9.Put the verb in brackets into the passive form of the past continuous tense.
When I went past the hall, I noticed
that the chairs ... (arrange) for a film show.
a.Was being arranged
b.Was arranged
c.Were arranged
d.Were being arranged
10.Put the verb in brackets into the passive form of the past continuous tense
in negative sentence.
When we arrived at their house we saw
that it.... (decorate).
a.When we arrived at their house we saw that it was being decorated.
b.When we arrived at their house we saw that it were being decorated.
c.We arrived at their house while we saw that it was not being decorated.
d.We arrived at their house while we saw that it were not being decorated.
EXERCISE 2:
1. At 6:00 PM Bob sat down at the table and began to eat. At 6:05,
Bob (eat)____________dinner.
2. While BOB (eat)___________dinner, Ann (come)____________through
the door.
3. In other words, when Ann (come) ____________through the door, Bob
(eat)__________dinner.
4. Bob went to bed at 10:30, At 11:00 Bob (sleep)___________
5. While Bob (sleep)__________, the phone (ring)_______-
6. In other words, when the phone (ring)__________, Bob
(sleep)____________
7. Bob left his hose at 8:00 A.M and (begin)___________to walk to
class.
8. While he (walk)________________to class, he
(see)___________Mrs.Smith
9. I (read)___________when the
lights (go out)__________.
10. I (study)_______________for a history exam
5. Present Perfect Tense
Present
perfect tense adalah bentuk yang dipakai untuk menyatakan perbuatan
yang sedang terjadi pada waktu lampau tetapi masih ada hubungannya dengan waktu
sekarang.
RUMUS
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
(+) Subject
+ have/has + Verb3 + Object
(-) Subject + have not / has not + Verb3
+ object
(?) Have/has + subject + Verb3
+ object + ?
EXAMPLE :
-
She has taught here since 1970
She has
not taught here since 1970
Has she
taught here since 1970 ?
-
I have read your letter
I have
not read your letter
Have
I read your letter ?
MENGGUNAKAN
SINCE DAN FOR
·
Since diikuti oleh penyebutan waktu yang
spesifik ( specefic point in time ),
seperti : an hour, a day, a month, a year, three o’clock, last week, 1960, etc.
Example,
I have brushed my teeth since six o’clock
·
For selalu diikuti oleh (length of time) seperti : two minute, three hours, four
days, a week, a long time, etc.
Example,
He has listened to the radio for two hours
EXERCISE :
Ubahlah kalimat-kalimat di bawah
ke dalam bentuk present perfect tense
1.
I____________(not,speak) to him about it
several times
2.
We____________(do) all our homework.
3.
He _____________(visit) us many times.
4.
She ____________( return) my book at last.
5.
I amafraid that I __________(lose) my car
keys.
6.
We __________(be) in Mexico many times.
7.
___________you (study) this exercise
before ?
8.
___________they (learn) many new word in
this course ?
9.
I myself __________(learn) English
steadily since 1990.
10.
We __________(buy) this car.
Isilah titik – titik berikut ini dengan
Since atau For
1.
I have not told John what you said
........... yesterday.
2.
I have heard that story ............. a
long time.
3.
You and I haven’t lent them money
.............. several times.
4.
Has Mr. Bean gone to Amerika
............... last ?
5.
He has made that same mistake
............. several times.
6.
Has she seen that movie .................
three o’clock ?
7.
He has liked girls ................ last
year.
8.
Has Taufik had personal problems
............... 1998.
9.
Have you tried to make a bomb
............... two days ago ?
10.
They haven’t known about this book
............. this morning.
6. Future
Tense
1. Past Future tense.
Untuk
menyatakan suatu perbuatan/peristiwa yang akan terjadi diwaktu lampau
Rumus:
subject + WOULD + Kata Kerja
Bentuk I
Contoh
:
She
would not be at school tomorrow.
(Dia tidak akan ke sekolah besok)
Soal.
1.It wasn’t her
who … money from your wallet.
2.I was sure
that the employer … me after receiving my resume.
3.The students
promised that they … in exams.
4.I knew that
the murder case … by the sheriff.
5.Dimas said
that he … to hometown the following day.
6.Farah told me
that she … souvenirs for herself.
7.I thought you
… to my house tonight.
8.Robi knew that
he … a job easily after a long time unemployed.
9.Vina got a
feeling that everything …
10. I was sure
that the employer … me after receiving my resume.
11. We knew he …
the difficult situation.
12. Dimas said
that he … to hometown the following day.
13. The students
promised that they … in exams.
14. I thought
you … to my house tonight.
15. Farah told
me that she … souvenirs for herself.
16. Vina got a
feeling that everything …
17. Robi knew
that he … a job easily after a long time unemployed.
18. I knew that
the murder case … by the sheriff.
19. He thought
he ... one the next day.
20. Everyone was
excited. The party ... fun.
2. Simple Future tense.
Rumus:
subject + WILL/SHALL + Kata Kerja Bentuk I
Kapan
kita mengunakan Simple Future Tense?
a.
Tidak Ada Rencana Sebelumnya atau Menyatakan perbuatan/kejadian yang akan
dilakukan pada waktu yang akan datang
contoh
:
• Hold
on. I‘ll get a pen.
b. Prediksi
Contoh:
• It
will rain tomorrow.
KALIMAT
NON-VERBAL
Ketika
predikat suatu kalimat bukan kata kerja, maka gunakan be untuk menggantikan
kata kerja tersebut.
Contoh:
• I‘ll
be in London tomorrow.
Catatan:
Ketika
kita mempunyai rencana atau keinginan untuk melakukan suatu kegiatan di masa
yang akan datang, maka gunakan be going to atau Present Continuous Tense untuk
menggantikan will/shall.
Soal :
1_____ buy
the extra virgin olive oil next week.
2.I think the
corruption suspect _____tell the truth.
3.Tomorrow_____cloudy.
4.When you read
this letter, I _____ 1,000 miles away from our city.
5.Your parents _____
happier If you visit your parents at least once a week.
6.Your parents _____
happier If you visit your parents at least once a week.
7.Watch
carefully. I _____ you how to boost your computer’s speed.
8.She ____
married in January 2014.
9.There _____ no
drastic changes at the company in 2015.
10.After
normalization, the reservoir _____ to store 200,000 cubic metres of water.
11. Saturday I _____my
housework.
12. Judy _____ thirty dollars.
13. Maybe____out
for dinner tonight.
14. I think____the dog for a walk now.
15. I have 3 days off next week____visit my
mother.
16. The clouds are very black____ snow.
17.We____ the laundry tomorrow.
18.Alexander____ taking his driver's test next week.
19.The bus____ at
7:30 sharp.
20.Tomorrow_____the weekend.
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